Repeater providing data exchange with a medical device for remote patient care and method thereof

ABSTRACT

A repeater providing data exchange with a medical device for remote patient care and method thereof are provided. The repeater includes a transmission device configured to send the data over a wireless medium to a data repository and a processing device configured to detect conditions in respect of an associated communication medium that could affect data exchange, where the processing device is configured to send the data based at least in part on the conditions. The processing device is further configured to analyze the data from the medical device to detect a problem with the medical device.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/874,899, filed Sep. 2, 2010, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/872,841, filed Oct. 16, 2007, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,791,467, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/327,879, filed Jan. 9, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,292,139,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/321,885,filed Dec. 17, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,009,511, the priority of filingdates of which are claimed, and the disclosures of which areincorporated by reference.

FIELD

The present relay device relates generally to advanced patientmanagement systems, and more specifically to providing informationbetween a medical device and a repository of the advanced patientmanagement system through a repeater device.

BACKGROUND

In an effort to limit the number of follow-ups necessary to monitor thedevice and the data that it acquires, an advanced patient managementsystem may provide a communication infrastructure. This infrastructureallows the implantable medical device to communicate over long distancesat virtually any time with a backend system that monitors theimplantable device and the patient. Furthermore, this backend systemallows monitoring of the patient on a more frequent basis than ordinaryfollow-up visits can practically allow. The back end system communicateswith the implantable device through a repeater that the patient keeps inclose proximity. The conventional repeater device interrogates themedical device through some form of wireless communication such asinductive coupling. The repeater device retrieves data from the medicaldevice and transmits the data through another communication medium, suchas a standard telephone line, to the remote location.

Some conventional repeater devices form a direct line of communicationbetween the medical device and the remote location and thereby act as aconduit for the data. Generally, the patient operates these conventionalrepeater devices and must initiate the communication of the data atappropriate times. Other conventional repeater devices may retrieve thedata from the medical device at an appropriate time and maintain ituntil another appropriate time when it is sent to the remote location.However, the patient must also initiate the communication between theseconventional repeater devices and the remote location, or the repeaterdevice uses a preset timer to initiate communication without regard foradditional considerations.

Requiring the patient to initiate communication with the remote locationis overly burdensome, especially in situations where the repeater devicecollects data at one time and then at some later time sends the data tothe remote location. Furthermore, requiring the patient to initiatecommunications with the remote location makes the advanced patientmanagement system vulnerable to human error. Relying solely on a presettimer to initiate communications with the remote location is alsoproblematic. For example, the telephone line relied upon by the repeaterdevice may be in use or is otherwise unavailable at the preset time, oran emergency situation may be occurring that requires immediateattention rather than communication after a preset delay period.

SUMMARY

The problems discussed above and others are addressed by variousembodiments. These embodiments allow the repeater device toautomatically communicate with the remote location to transfer thepatient data.

In one embodiment, a repeater providing data exchange with a medicaldevice for remote patient care is provided. The repeater includes areceiver configured to communicate with the medical device to obtaindata, and a memory to maintain the data once it has been received. Therepeater further includes a transmission device configured to send thedata over a wireless medium to a data repository and a processing deviceconfigured to detect conditions in respect of an associatedcommunication medium that could affect data exchange, where theprocessing device is configured to send the data based at least in parton the conditions. The processing device is further configured toanalyze the data from the medical device to detect a problem with themedical device.

In another embodiment, a medical device system is provided comprising amedical device providing a patient data set for use in automated patientcare. The medical device includes one or more sensors to monitor data ofa patient enrolled in automated patient care and generate a patient dataset, a memory to store the data set for a short term, and an interfaceproviding external access to the data set, wherein the data set areperiodically retrieved. The medical device system further includes arepeater for retrieving the data set from the medical device andrelaying the data set to a repository, wherein the repeater isconfigured to analyze the data set to detect a problem with the medicaldevice, wherein the repeater is further configured to detect conditionsin respect of an associated communication medium that could affect dataexchange, wherein the repeater is further configured to transmit to therepository based on the conditions.

In yet another embodiment, a process for transmitting a patient data setfor use in automated patient care includes the steps of storing aplurality of sets of collected device data regularly recorded by amedical device for a patient enrolled in automated patient care andanalyzing the collected device data sets to detect a problem with themedical device. The process further includes detecting and analyzingconditions in respect of an associated communication medium that couldaffect data exchange and transmitting the collected device data setsfrom a repeater over a wireless medium.

In one embodiment, the repeater device automatically communicates withthe remote location by initiating communication after consideringadditional factors such as the accessibility or condition of thecommunications medium being used to pass the data and/or whether thecondition of the patient requires immediate attention.

One embodiment provides an auto-configurable repeater for remote patientcare and method thereof. A storage maintains data exchanged with apatient medical device. A processor includes a plurality of interfacesto an external device, including a wireless interface and a wiredinterface. A selection module automatically specifies one of thewireless interface and the wired interface based on conditions inrespect of an associated communication medium that could affect dataexchange. A transfer module accesses the data in the storage andexchanges the data with an external device over the specified interface.

A further embodiment provides a repeater providing data exchange with amedical device for remote patient care and method thereof. A pluralityof interfaces include a medical device interface interconnected with amedical device, a wireless interface coupled to a wireless medium, and awired interface coupled to a wired medium. An interface selectorincludes a test module operable over the wireless interface and thewired interface to evaluate conditions on each respective medium thatcould affect data exchange over each of the interfaces. The interfaceselector further includes a selection module specifying data exchange tooccur using one of the wireless interface and the wired interface basedon the evaluated conditions. An interrogator module exchanges data withthe medical device over the medical device interface. A data transfermodule exchanges the data with an external device over the specifiedinterface.

These and various other features as well as advantages will be apparentfrom a reading of the following detailed description and a review of theassociated drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numeralsdescribe substantially similar components throughout the several views.Like numerals having different letter suffixes represent differentinstances of substantially similar components. The drawings illustrategenerally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, variousembodiments discussed in the present document.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example advanced patient management system;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example computer system for use with the advancedpatient management system;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example interrogator/transceiver unit for use withthe advanced patient management system; and

FIG. 4 illustrates an example communication system for use with theadvanced patient management system;

FIG. 5 illustrates communication between an implantable medical device,an external repeater device, and a repository;

FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary external repeater device of FIG. 5 in moredetail;

FIG. 7 illustrates components of the exemplary repeater device;

FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary operational flow of communicationbetween the implantable medical device, the external repeater device,and the repository where the degree of urgency of the data is determinedand considered in relation to data transfer to the repository;

FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary operational flow of communicationbetween the implantable medical device, the external repeater device,and the repository where the condition of the communication medium isconsidered in relation to data transfer to the repository;

FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary operational flow of communicationbetween the implantable medical device, the external repeater device,and the repository where both the degree of urgency of the data and thecondition of the communication medium are considered in relation to datatransfer to the repository.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Prior to discussing the devices and communication protocols of theembodiments, an example of an advanced patient management system isdiscussed to provide an example of an environmental context for theembodiments. However, it is to be understood that the advanced patientmanagement system described herein in conjunction with the embodimentsis only one example of an environmental context and that the embodimentsare applicable to other environmental contexts that may or may notinclude an advanced patient management system. The devices andcommunication protocols of the embodiments are described below withreference to FIGS. 5-10 and section V. Repeater Communications.

An advanced patient management system is configured to collectpatient-specific information, store and collate the information, andgenerate actionable recommendations to enable the predictive managementof patients. The advanced patient management system is also configuredto leverage a remote communications infrastructure to provide automaticdevice follow-ups to collect data, coordinate therapy, and to determineif remote devices are functioning properly. The term “patient” is usedherein to mean any individual from whom information is collected. Theterm “caregiver” is used herein to mean any provider of services, suchas health care providers including, but not limited to, nurses, doctors,and other health care provider staff.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example advanced patient management system 100.Advanced patient management system 100 generally includes the followingcomponents: one or more devices 102, 104, and 106, one or moreinterrogator/transceiver units 108, a communication system 110, one ormore remote peripheral devices 109, and a host 112.

Each component of the advanced patient management system 100 cancommunicate using the communication system 110. Some components may alsocommunicate directly with one another. For example, devices 102 and 104may be configured to communicate directly with one another. The variouscomponents of the example advanced patient management system 100illustrated herein are described below.

Devices

Devices 102, 104, and 106 can be implantable devices or external devicesthat may provide one or more of the following functions with respect toa patient: (1) sensing, (2) data analysis, and (3) therapy. For example,in one embodiment, devices 102, 104, and 106 are either implanted orexternal devices used to measure a variety of physiological, subjective,and environmental conditions of a patient using electrical, mechanical,and/or chemical means. The devices 102, 104, and 106 can be configuredto automatically gather data or can require manual intervention by thepatient. The devices 102, 104, and 106 can be configured to store datarelated to the physiological and/or subjective measurements and/ortransmit the data to the communication system 110 using a variety ofmethods, described in detail below. Although three devices 102, 104, and106 are illustrated in the example embodiment shown, more or fewerdevices may be used for a given patient.

The devices 102, 104, and 106 can be configured to analyze the measureddata and act upon the analyzed data. For example, the devices 102, 104,and 106 are configured to modify therapy or provide alarm indicationsbased on the analysis of the data.

In one embodiment, devices 102, 104, and 106 also provide therapy.Therapy can be provided automatically or in response to an externalcommunication. Devices 102, 104, and 106 are programmable in that thecharacteristics of their sensing, therapy (e.g., duration and interval),or communication can be altered by communication between the devices102, 104, and 106 and other components of the advanced patientmanagement system 100. Devices 102, 104, and 106 can also performself-checks or be interrogated by the communication system 110 to verifythat the devices are functioning properly. Examples of differentembodiments of the devices 102, 104, and 106 are provided below.

Devices implanted within the body have the ability to sense andcommunicate as well as to provide therapy. Implantable devices canprovide direct measurement of characteristics of the body, including,without limitation, electrical cardiac activity (e.g., a pacemaker,cardiac resynchronization management device, defibrillator, etc.),physical motion, temperature, heart rate, activity, blood pressure,breathing patterns, ejection fractions, blood viscosity, bloodchemistry, blood glucose levels, and other patient-specific clinicalphysiological parameters, while minimizing the need for patientcompliance.

A heart rhythm sensor, typically found in a pacemaker or defibrillator,is one example of an implantable device. In the heart, an electricalwave activates the heart muscle just prior to contraction. As is knownin the art, electrical circuits and lead-wires transduce the heart'sactivation event and reject other, non-essential electrical events. Bymeasuring the time interval between activation events, the heart rhythmcan be determined. A transthoracic impedance sensor is another exampleof a sensor in an implantable device. During the respiratory cycle,large volumes of air pass into and out of the body. The electricalresistance of the thorax changes markedly as a result of largedifferences in conductivity of air and body tissues. The thoracicresistance can be measured during respiration and converted into ameasurable electrical signal (i.e., impedance) so that breathing rateand profile can be approximated. Implantable devices can also sensechemical conditions, such as glucose levels, blood oxygen levels, etc.Further, the advanced patient management system 100 may utilize otherimplantable devices as well that provide physiological measurements ofthe patient, such as drug pumps, neurological devices (e.g.,stimulators), oxygen sensors, etc.

Derived measurements can also be determined from the implantable devicesensors. For example, a sleep sensor can rely on measurements taken byan implanted accelerometer that measures body activity levels. The sleepsensor can estimate sleeping patterns based on the measured activitylevels. Other derived measurements include, but are not limited to, afunctional capacity indicator, autonomic tone indicator, sleep qualityindicator, cough indicator, anxiety indicator, and cardiovascularwellness indicator for calculating a quality of life indicatorquantifying a patient's overall health and well-being.

Devices 102, 104, and 106 can also be external devices, or devices thatare not implanted in the human body, that are used to measurephysiological data. Such devices include a multitude of devices tomeasure data relating to the human body, such as temperature (e.g., athermometer), blood pressure (e.g., a sphygmomanometer), bloodcharacteristics (e.g., glucose levels), body weight, physical strength,mental acuity, diet, heart characteristics, and relative geographicposition (e.g., a Global Positioning System (GPS)).

Devices 102, 104, and 106 can also be environmental sensors. The devicescan be placed in a variety of geographic locations (in close proximityto patient or distributed throughout a population) and recordnon-patient specific characteristics such as, but not limited to,temperature, air quality, humidity, carbon monoxide level, oxygen level,barometric pressure, light intensity, and sound.

One or more of the devices 102, 104, and 106 (for example, device 106)may be external devices that measure subjective or perceptive data fromthe patient. Subjective data is information related to a patient'sfeelings, perceptions, and/or opinions, as opposed to objectivephysiological data. For example, the “subjective” devices can measurepatient responses to inquiries such as “How do you feel?” and “How isyour pain?” The device can prompt the patient and record subjective datafrom the patient using visual and/or audible cues. For example, thepatient can press coded response buttons or type an appropriate responseon a keypad. Alternatively, subjective data may be collected by allowingthe patient to speak into a microphone and using speech recognitionsoftware to process the subjective data.

In one example embodiment, the subjective device presents the patientwith a relatively small number of responses to each question posed tothe patient. For example, the responses available to the patient mayinclude three faces representing feelings of happiness, nominalness, andsadness. Averaged over time, a trend of a patient's well being willemerge with a finer resolution than the quanta of the three responses.

The subjective data can be collected from the patient at set times, or,alternatively, collected whenever the patient feels like providingsubjective data. The subjective data can also be collected substantiallycontemporaneously with physiological data to provide greater insightinto overall patient wellness. The subjective device 106 can be anydevice that accepts input from a patient or other concerned individualand/or provides information in a format that is recognizable to thepatient. Device 106 typically includes a keypad, mouse, display,handheld device, interactive TV, cellular telephone or other radiofrequency (“RF”) communications device, cordless phone, corded phone,speaker, microphone, email message, or physical stimulus.

In one example embodiment, the subjective device 106 includes or is partof a computer system 200, as illustrated in FIG. 2. The example computersystem 200 includes a central processor unit 212 and a system memory214. The computer system 200 further includes one or more drives 223 forreading data from and writing data to, as well as an input device 244,such as a keyboard or mouse, and a monitor 252 or other type of displaydevice. A number of program modules may be stored on the drive 223,including an operating system 236, one or more application programs 238,other program modules 240, and program data 242. The computer system 200can operate in a networked environment using logical connections to oneor more remote computers or computer systems 256. Computer system 200can also include hand-held computers such as a PDA computer.

The advanced patient management system 100 may also include one or moreremote peripheral devices 109. The remote peripheral device 109 mayinclude, for example and without limitation, cellular telephones,pagers, PDA devices, facsimiles, remote computers, printers, videoand/or audio devices, etc. The remote peripheral device 109 cancommunicate using wired or wireless technologies and may be used by thepatient or caregiver to communicate with the communication system 110and/or the host 112. For example, the remote peripheral device 109 canbe used by the caregiver to receive alerts from the host 112 based ondata collected from the patient and to send instructions from thecaregiver to either the patient or other clinical staff. In anotherexample, the remote peripheral device 109 is used by the patient toreceive periodic or real time updates and alerts regarding the patient'shealth and well-being.

Interrogator/Transceiver Unit

Referring now to FIG. 3, the example advanced patient management system100 includes one or more interrogator/transceiver units (“ITUs”), suchas ITU 108. The ITU 108 includes an interrogator module 152 for sendingand receiving data from a device, such as devices 102, 104, and 106, amemory module 154 for storing data, and a transceiver module 156 forsending and receiving data to and from other components of the APMsystem 100. The transceiver module may also operate as an interrogatorof the devices 102, 104 and 106. The ITU 108 also includes a powermodule 158 that provides power.

The ITU 108 may perform one or more of the following functions: (1) datastorage; (2) data analysis; (3) data forwarding; (4) patientinteraction; (5) patient feedback; and (6) data communications. Forexample, the ITU 108 may facilitate communications between the devices102, 104, and 106 and the communication system 110. The ITU 108 can,periodically or in real-time, interrogate and download into memoryclinically relevant patient data from the devices 102, 104, and/or 106.This data includes, in the cardiac sensor context, for example, P andR-wave measurements, pacing, shocking events, lead impedances, pacingthresholds, battery voltage, capacitor charge times, ATR episodes withelectrograms, tachycardia episodes with electrograms, histograminformation, and any other clinical information necessary to ensurepatient health and proper device function. The data is sent to the ITU108 by the devices 102, 104, and 106 in real-time or periodicallyuploaded from buffers in the devices.

The ITU 108 may also allow patient interaction. For example, the ITU 108may include a patient interface and allow the patient to inputsubjective data. In addition, the ITU 108 may provide feedback to thepatient based on the data that has been analyzed or based on informationcommunicated by the communication system 110.

In another embodiment, the ITU 108 includes a telemetry link from thedevices to a network that forms the basis of a wireless LAN in thepatient's home. The ITU 108 systematically uploads information from thedevices 102, 104, and/or 106 while the patient is sleeping, for example.The uploaded data is transmitted through the communication system 110 ordirectly to the host 112. In addition, in one embodiment the ITU 108functions in a hybrid form, utilizing wireless communication whenavailable and defaulting to a local wireless portal or a wiredconnection when the wireless communication becomes unavailable.

Some devices, such as legacy implanted cardiac rhythm management (“CRM”)devices, communicate via an internal telemetry transceiver thatcommunicates with an external programmer. The communication range ofsuch devices is typically 1 to 4 inches. ITU 108 may include a specialshort-range interrogator that communicates with a legacy device.

When the interrogator 152 uses radio frequency to communicate with thedevices 102, 104, 106, the ITU 108 may be in the form of a small devicethat is placed in an inconspicuous place within the patient's residence.Alternatively, the ITU 108 may be implemented as part of a commonly-usedappliance in the patient's residence. For example, the ITU may beintegrated with an alarm clock that is positioned near the patient'sbed. In another embodiment, the ITU may be implemented as part of thepatient's personal computer system. Other embodiments are also possible.

In another embodiment, the ITU 108 may comprise a hand-held device suchas a PDA, cellular telephone, or other similar device that is inwireless communication with the devices 102, 104, and 106. The hand-helddevice may upload the data to the communication system 110 wirelessly.Alternatively, the hand-held device may periodically be placed in acradle or other similar device that is configured to transmit the datato the communication system 110.

In one embodiment, the ITU 108 can perform analysis on the data andprovide immediate feedback, as well as perform a variety ofself-diagnostic tests to verify that it is functioning properly and thatcommunication with the communication system 110 has not be compromised.For example, the ITU 108 can perform a diagnostic loop-back test at atime set by the host 112, which involves sending a request through thecommunication system 110 to the host 112. The host 112 can then replywith a response back through the communication system 110 to the ITU108. If a specific duration elapses before the ITU 108 receives theresponse or the ITU 108 receives an unexpected response, or if the host112 does not receive the diagnostic test communication, the ITU 108 canprovide indications that the system is not functioning properly and thehost 112 can alert an operator that there may be compromisedcommunications with that specific ITU 108. For example, if wirelesscommunications between the ITU 108 and the communication system 110 havebeen interrupted, and the ITU 108 performs a self-diagnostic test thatfails, the ITU 108 may alert the patient so that corrective action maybe taken. The alert can take the form of a sound or a visual and/oraudible annunciator to alert the patient that communication has beeninterrupted. In another embodiment, the ITU 108 can automaticallyfail-back to a wired system to communicate with the communication system110 and perform the same communications compromise checks.

In other embodiments of the advanced patient management system 100, theITU 108 function can be integrated into devices 102, 104, and 106, sothat the devices can communicate directly with the communication system110 and/or host 112. The devices 102, 104 and 106 can incorporatemulti-mode wireless telecommunications such as cellular, BLUETOOTH, orIEEE 802.11B to communicate with the communication system 110 directlyor through a local wireless to a wired portal in the patients' home. Forexample, device 102 may include a miniature cellular phone capable ofwirelessly uploading clinical data from the device on a periodic basis.This is particularly advantageous for devices that are mobile (e.g., animplanted device in a patient that is traveling).

To conserve the energy of the devices 102, 104, and 106, particularlywhen the devices (e.g., device 102) are configured to communicatedirectly with the communication system 110 without using an ITU 108, inone example embodiment the devices are configured to communicate duringa given duty cycle. For example, the device 102 can be configured tocommunicate with the communication system 110 at given intervals, suchas once a week. The device 102 can record data for the time period(e.g., a week) and transmit the data to the communication system 110during the portion of the cycle that transmission is active and thenconserve energy for the rest of the cycle. In another example, thedevice 102 conserves energy and only communicates with the communicationsystem 110 when an “interesting” event, such as a heart arrhythmia, hasoccurred. In this manner, device 102 can communicate directly with thecommunication system 110 and/or host 112 without requiring an ITU 108,while conserving the energy of the device by communicating only during agiven duty cycle.

The interrogation rate of the ITU 108 can be varied depending on diseasestate and other relevant factors. In addition, the devices 102, 104, and106 can be configured to “wake up” frequently (e.g., once every coupleminutes) to provide the ITU 108 an access window for the ITU 108 toprovide commands to the devices 102, 104, and 106, as well as uploaddata from the devices.

If multiple devices, such as devices 102, 104, and 106, are provided fora given patient, each device may include its own means for communicatingwith the ITU 108 or communication system 110. Alternatively, a singletelemetry system may be implemented as part of one of the devices, orseparate from the devices, and each device 102, 104, and 106 can usethis single telemetry system to communication with the ITU 108 or thecommunication system 110.

In yet another embodiment, the devices 102, 104, and 106 include wiresor leads extending from devices 102, 104, and 106 to an area external ofthe patient to provide a direct physical connection. The external leadscan be connected, for example, to the ITU 108 or a similar device toprovide communications between the devices 102, 104, and 106 and theother components of the advanced patient management system 100.

The advanced patient management system 100 can also involve a hybrid useof the ITU 108. For example, the devices 102, 104, and 106 canintelligently communicate via short-range telemetry with the ITU whenthe patient is located within the patient's home and communicatedirectly with the communication system 110 or host 112 when the patientis traveling. This may be advantageous, for example, to conserve batterypower when the devices are located near an ITU.

Communication System

Communication system 110 provides for communications between and amongthe various components of the advanced patient management system 100,such as the devices 102, 104, and 106, host 112, and remote peripheraldevice 109. FIG. 4 illustrates one embodiment for the communicationsystem 110. The communication system 110 includes a plurality ofcomputer systems 304, 306, 308, and 310, as well as device 102, host112, and remote peripheral device 109, connected to one another by thecommunications network 300. The communications network 300 may be, forexample, a local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), or theInternet. Communications among the various components, as described morefully below, may be implemented using wired or wireless technologies.

In the example embodiment illustrated, the host 112 includes servercomputers 318 and 322 that communicate with computers 304, 306, 308, and310 using a variety of communications protocols, described more fullybelow. The server computers 318 and 322 store information in databases316 and 320. This information may also be stored in a distributed manneracross one or more additional servers.

A variety of communication methods and protocols may be used tofacilitate communication between devices 102, 104, and 106, ITU 108,communication system 110, host 112, and remote peripheral device 109.For example, wired and wireless communications methods may be used.Wired communication methods may include, for example and withoutlimitation, traditional copper-line communications such as DSL,broadband technologies such as ISDN and cable modems, and fiber optics,while wireless communications may include cellular, satellite, radiofrequency (RF), Infrared, etc.

For any given communication method, a multitude of standard and/orproprietary communication protocols may be used. For example and withoutlimitation, protocols such as radio frequency pulse coding, spreadspectrum, direct sequence, time-hopping, frequency hopping, SMTP, FTP,and TCP/IP may be used. Other proprietary methods and protocols may alsobe used. Further, a combination of two or more of the communicationmethods and protocols may also be used.

The various communications between the components of the advancedpatient management system 100 may be made secure using several differenttechniques. For example, encryption and/or tunneling techniques may beused to protect data transmissions. Alternatively, a priority dataexchange format and interface that are kept confidential may also beused. Authentication can be implemented using, for example, digitalsignatures based on a known key structure (e.g., PGP or RSA). Otherphysical security and authentication measures may also be used, such assecurity cards and biometric security apparatuses (e.g., retina scans,iris scans, fingerprint scans, veinprint scans, voice, facial geometryrecognition, etc.). Conventional security methods such as firewalls maybe used to protect information residing on one or more of the storagemedia of the advanced patient management system 100. Encryption,authentication and verification techniques may also be used to detectand correct data transmission errors.

Communications among the various components of the advanced patientmanagement system 100 may be enhanced using compression techniques toallow large amounts of data to be transmitted efficiently. For example,the devices 102, 104, and 106 or the ITU 108 may compress the recordedinformation prior to transmitting the information to the ITU 108 ordirectly to the communication system 110.

The communication methods and protocols described above can facilitateperiodic and/or real-time delivery of data.

Host

The example host 112 includes a database module 114, an analysis module116, and a delivery module 118 (see FIG. 1). Host 112 preferablyincludes enough processing power to analyze and process large amounts ofdata collected from each patient, as well as to process statistics andperform analysis for large populations. For example, the host 112 mayinclude a mainframe computer or multi-processor workstation. The host112 may also include one or more personal computer systems containingsufficient computing power and memory. The host 112 may include storagemedium (e.g., hard disks, optical data storage devices, etc.) sufficientto store the massive amount of high-resolution data that is collectedfrom the patients and analyzed.

The host 112 may also include identification and contact information(e.g., IP addresses, telephone numbers, or a product serial number) forthe various devices communicating with it, such as ITU 108 andperipheral device 109. For example, each ITU 108 is assigned ahard-coded or static identifier (e.g., IP address, telephone number,etc.), which allows the host 112 to identify which patient's informationthe host 112 is receiving at a given instant. Alternatively, each device102, 104, and 106 may be assigned a unique identification number, or aunique patient identification number may be transmitted with eachtransmission of patient data.

When a device is first activated, several methods may be used toassociate data received by the advanced patient management system 100with a given patient. For example, each device may include a uniqueidentification number and a registration form that is filled out by thepatient, caregiver, or field representative. The registration form canbe used to collect the necessary information to associate collected datawith the patient. Alternatively, the user can logon to a web site toallow for the registration information to be collected. In anotherembodiment, a barcode is included on each device that is scanned priorto or in conjunction deployment of the device to provide the informationnecessary to associate the recorded data with the given patient.

Referring again to FIG. 1, the example database module 114 includes apatient database 400, a population database 402, a medical database 404,and a general database 406, all of which are described further below.

The patient database 400 includes patient specific data, including dataacquired by the devices 102, 104, and 106. The patient database 400 alsoincludes a patient's medical records. The patient database 400 caninclude historical information regarding the devices 102, 104, and 106.For example, if device 102 is an implantable cardioverter defibrillator(ICD), the patient database 400 records the following deviceinformation: P and R measurements, pacing frequency, pacing thresholds,shocking events, recharge time, lead impedance, batteryvoltage/remaining life, ATR episode and EGMs, histogram information, andother device-specific information. The information stored in thedatabase 400 can be recorded at various times depending on the patientrequirements or device requirements. For example, the database 400 isupdated at periodic intervals that coincide with the patient downloadingdata from the device. Alternatively, data in the database 400 can beupdated in real time. Typically, the sampling frequency depends on thehealth condition being monitored and the co-morbidities.

The population database 402 includes non-patient specific data, such asdata relating to other patients and population trends. The populationdatabase 402 also records epidemic-class device statistics and patientstatistics. The population database 402 also includes data relating tostaffing by health care providers, environmental data, pharmaceuticals,etc.

The example medical database 404 includes clinical data relating to thetreatment of diseases. For example, the medical database 404 includeshistorical trend data for multiple patients in the form of a record ofprogression of their disease(s) along with markers of key events.

The general database 406 includes non-medical data of interest to thepatient. This can include information relating to news, finances,shopping, technology, entertainment, and/or sports. The general database406 can be customized to provide general information of specificinterest to the patient. For example, stock information can be presentedalong with the latest health information as detected from the devices102, 104, and 106.

In another embodiment, information is also provided from an externalsource, such as external database 600. For example, the externaldatabase 600 includes external medical records maintained by a thirdparty, such as drug prescription records maintained by a pharmacy,providing information regarding the type of drugs that have beenprescribed for a patient.

The example analysis module 116 includes a patient analysis module 500,device analysis module 502, population analysis module 504, and learningmodule 506.

Patient analysis module 500 may utilize information collected by theadvanced patient management system 100, as well as information for otherrelevant sources, to analyze data related to a patient and providetimely and predictive assessments of the patient's well-being. Inperforming this analysis, the patient device module 500 may utilize datacollected from a variety of sources, include patient specificphysiological and subjective data collected by the advanced patientmanagement system 100, medical and historical records (e.g., lab testresults, histories of illnesses, etc., drugs currently and previouslyadministered, etc.), as well as information related to population trendsprovided from sources external to the advanced patient management system100.

For example, in one embodiment, the patient analysis module 500 makes apredictive diagnosis of an oncoming event based on information stored inthe database module 114. For example, the data continuously gatheredfrom a device of a given patient at a heightened risk for a chronicdisease event (such as de-compensations in heart failure) is analyzed.Based on this analysis, therapy, typically device-based orpharmaceutical, is then be applied to the patient either through thedevice or through clinician intervention.

In another example embodiment, the patient analysis module 500 providesa diagnosis of patient health status and predicted trend based onpresent and recent historical data collected from a device asinterpreted by a system of expert knowledge derived from workingpractices within clinics. For example, the patient analysis module 500performs probabilistic calculations using currently-collectedinformation combined with regularly-collected historical information topredict patient health degradation.

In another example embodiment, the patient analysis module 500 mayconduct pre-evaluation of the incoming data stream combined with patienthistorical information and information from patients with similardisease states. The pre-evaluation system is based on data derived fromworking clinical practices and the records of outcomes. The derived datais processed in a neural network, fuzzy logic system, or equivalentsystem to reflect the clinical practice. Further, the patient analysismodule 500 may also provide means for periodic processing of present andhistorical data to yield a multidimensional health state indicationalong with disease trend prediction, next phase of disease progressionco-morbidities, and inferences about what other possible diseases may beinvolved. The patient analysis module 500 may also integrate datacollected from internal and external devices with subjective data tooptimize management of overall patient health.

Device analysis module 502 analyzes data from the devices 102, 104, and106 and ITU 108 to predict and determine device issues or failures. Forexample, if an implanted device 102 fails to communicate at an expectedtime, device analysis module 502 determines the source of the failureand takes action to restore the performance of the device 102. Thedevice analysis module 502 may also perform additional deterministic andprobabilistic calculations. For example, the device analysis module 502gathers data related to charge levels within a given device, such as anICD, and provides analysis and alerting functions based on thisinformation if, for example, the charge level reaches a point at whichreplacement of the device and/or battery is necessary. Similarly, earlydegradation or imminent failure of implanted devices can be identifiedand proactively addressed, or at-risk devices can be closely monitored.

Population analysis module 504 uses the data collected in the databasemodule 114 to manage the health of a population. For example, a clinicmanaging cardiac patients can access the advanced patient managementsystem 100 and thereby obtain device-supplied advance information topredict and optimize resource allocation both as to immediate care andas a predictive metric for future need of practicing specialists. Asanother example, the spread of disease in remote populations can belocalized and quarantined rapidly before further spread.

In one embodiment, population analysis module 504 trends the patientpopulation therapy and management as recorded by the devices and directshealth care resources to best satisfy the needs of the population. Theresources can include people, facilities, supplies, and/orpharmaceuticals. In other embodiments, the population analysis moduledetects epidemics and other events that affect large population groups.The population analysis module 504 can issue alerts that can initiate apopulation quarantine, redirect resources to balance size of staffingwith number of presenting population, and predict future need ofqualified specialists.

The population analysis module 504 may utilize a variety ofcharacteristics to identify like-situated patients, such as, forexample, sex, age, genetic makeup, etc. The population analysis module504 may develop large amounts of data related to a given populationbased on the information collected by the advanced patient managementsystem 100. In addition, the population analysis module 504 mayintegrate information from a variety of other sources. For example, thepopulation analysis module 504 may utilize data from public domaindatabases (e.g., the National Institute of Health), public andgovernmental and health agency databases, private insurance companies,medical societies (e.g., the American Heart Association), and genomicrecords (e.g., DNA sequences).

In one embodiment, the host 112 may be used as a “data clearinghouse,”to gather and integrate data collected from the devices 102, 104, and106, as well as data from sources outside the advanced patientmanagement system 100. The integrated data can be shared with otherinterested entities, subject to privacy restrictions, thereby increasingthe quality and integration of data available.

Learning module 506 analyzes the data provided from the variousinformation sources, including the data collected by the advancedpatient system 100 and external information sources. For example, thelearning module 506 analyzes historical symptoms, diagnoses, andoutcomes along with time development of the diseases and co-morbidities.The learning module 506 can be implemented via a neural network (orequivalent) system.

The learning module 506 can be partially trained (i.e., the learningmodule 506 may be implemented with a given set of preset values and thenlearn as the advanced patient management system functions) or untrained(i.e., the learning module 506 is initiated with no preset values andmust learn from scratch as the advanced patient management systemfunctions). In other alternative embodiments, the learning module 506may continue to learn and adjust as the advanced patient managementsystem functions (i.e., in real time), or the learning module 506 mayremain at a given level of learning and only advanced to a higher levelof understanding when manually allowed to do so.

In a neural network embodiment, new clinical information is presented tocreate new neural network coefficients that are distributed as a neuralnetwork knowledge upgrade. The learning module 506 can include a modulefor verifying the neural network conclusions for clinical accuracy andsignificance. The learning module can analyze a database of test cases,appropriate outcomes and relative occurrence of misidentification of theproper outcomes. In some embodiments, the learning module 506 can updatethe analysis module 116 when the analysis algorithms exceed a thresholdlevel of acceptable misidentifications.

The example learning module 506 uses various algorithms and mathematicalmodeling such as, for example, trend and statistical analysis, datamining, pattern recognition, cluster analysis, neural networks and fuzzylogic. Learning module 506 may perform deterministic and probabilisticcalculations. Deterministic calculations include algorithms for which aclear correlation is known between the data analyzed and a givenoutcome. For example, there may be a clear correlation between theenergy left in a battery of an implantable device and the amount of timeleft before the battery must be replaced.

A probabilistic calculation involves the correlation between data and agiven outcome that is less than 100 percent certain. Probabilisticdeterminations require an analysis of several possible outcomes and anassignment of probabilities for those outcomes (e.g., an increase inweight of a patient may, at a 25% probability, signal an impendingde-compensation event and/or indicate that other tests are needed). Thelearning module 506 performs probabilistic calculations and selects agiven response based on less than a 100% probability. Further, as thelearning module 506 “learns” for previous determinations (e.g., througha neural network configuration), the learning module 506 becomes moreproficient at assigning probabilities for a given data pattern, therebybeing able to more confidently select a given response. As the amount ofdata that has been analyzed by the learning module 506 grows, thelearning module 506 becomes more and more accurate at assigningprobabilities based on data patterns. A bifurcated analysis may beperformed for diseases exhibiting similar symptoms. As progressivequantities of data are collected and the understanding of a givendisease state advances, disease analysis is refined where a formersingular classification may split into two or more sub-classes.

In addition, patient-specific clinical information can be stored andtracked for hundreds of thousands of individual patients, enabling afirst-level electronic clinical analysis of the patient's clinicalstatus and an intelligent estimate of the patient's short-term clinicalprognosis. The learning module 506 is capable of tracking andforecasting a patient's clinical status with increasing levels ofsophistication by measuring a number of interacting co-morbidities, allof which may serve individually or collectively to degrade the patient'shealth. This enables learning module 506, as well as caregivers, toformulate a predictive medical response to oncoming acute events in thetreatment of patients with chronic diseases such as heart failure,diabetes, pain, cancer, and asthma/COPD, as well as possibly head-offacute catastrophic conditions such as MI and stroke.

Delivery module 118 coordinates the delivery of feedback based on theanalysis performed by the host 112. In response to the analysis module116, delivery module 118 can manage the devices 102, 104, and 106,perform diagnostic data recovery, program the devices, and otherwisedeliver information as needed. In some embodiments, the delivery module118 can manage a web interface that can be accessed by patients orcaregivers. The information gathered by an implanted device can beperiodically transmitted to a web site that is securely accessible tothe caregiver and/or patient in a timely manner. In other embodiments, apatient accesses detailed health information with diagnosticrecommendations based upon analysis algorithms derived from leadinghealth care institutions.

For example, the caregiver and/or patient can access the data andanalysis performed on the data by accessing one or more general contentproviders. In one example, the patient's health information is accessedthrough a general portal such as My Yahoo provided by Yahoo! Inc. ofSunnyvale, Calif. A patient can access his or her My Yahoo homepage andreceive information regarding current health and trends derived from theinformation gathered from the devices 102, 104, and 106, as well asother health information gathered from other sources. The patient mayalso access other information in addition to health information on theMy Yahoo website, such as weather and stock market information. Otherelectronic delivery methods such as email, facsimile, etc. can also beused for alert distribution.

In an alternative embodiment, the data collected and integrated by theadvanced patient system 100, as well as any analysis performed by thesystem 100, is delivered by delivery module 118 to a caregiver'shospital computer system for access by the caregiver. A standard orcustom interface facilitates communication between the advanced patientmanagement system 100 and a legacy hospital system used by the caregiverso that the caregiver can access all relevant information using a systemfamiliar to the caregiver.

The advanced patient management system 100 can also be configured sothat various components of the system (e.g., ITU 108, communicationsystem 110, and/or host 112) provide reporting to various individuals(e.g., patient and/or caregiver). For example, different levels ofreporting can be provided by (1) the ITU 108 and (2) the host 112. TheITU 108 may be configured to conduct rudimentary analysis of datagathered from devices 102, 104, and 106, and provide reporting should anacute situation be identified. For example, if the ITU 108 detects thata significant heart arrhythmia is imminent or currently taking place,the ITU 108 provides reporting to the patient in the form of an audibleor visual alarm.

The host 112 can provide a more sophisticated reporting system. Forexample, the host 112 can provide exception-based reporting and alertsthat categorize different reporting events based on importance. Somereporting events do not require caregiver intervention and therefore canbe reported automatically. In other escalating situations, caregiverand/or emergency response personnel need to become involved. Forexample, based on the data collected by the advanced patient managementsystem 100, the delivery module 118 can communicate directly with thedevices 102, 104, and 106, contact a pharmacy to order a specificmedication for the patient, and/or contact 911 emergency response. In analternative embodiment, the delivery module 118 and/or the patient mayalso establish a voice communication link between the patient and acaregiver, if warranted.

In addition to forms of reporting including visual and/or audibleinformation, the advanced patient management system 100 can alsocommunicate with and reconfigure one or more of the devices 102, 104,and 106. For example, if device 102 is part of a cardiac rhythmmanagement system, the host 112 can communicate with the device 102 andreconfigure the therapy provided by the cardiac rhythm management systembased on the data collected from one or more of the devices 102, 104,and 106. In another embodiment, the delivery module 118 can provide tothe ITU 108 recorded data, an ideal range for the data, a conclusionbased on the recorded data, and a recommended course of action. Thisinformation can be displayed on the ITU 108 for the patient to review ormade available on the peripheral device 109 for the patient and/orclinician to review.

One or more headings have been provided above to assist in describingthe various embodiments disclosed herein. The use of headings, and theresulting division of the description by the headings, should not beconstrued as limiting in any way. The subject matter described under oneheading can be combined with subject matter described under one or moreof the other headings without limitation and as desired.

Repeater Communications

FIG. 5 shows a patient 602 that has a medical device 604 coupledthereto. In this example, the medical device 604 is an implantablemedical device such as a pacemaker. The medical device 604 communicatesbi-directionally with a repeater device 610, such as an ITU 108described above, by sending signals 606 to the repeater 610 andreceiving signals 608 sent by the repeater 610. Signals 606, 608 can beachieved through inductive coupling, RF electromagnetic signaling,acoustic signaling, or other signaling methods known in the art.Furthermore, the signaling may occur wirelessly or through a wiredconnection, depending upon whether the device 604 is implanted orexternal to the patient's body 602.

Typically, an implanted medical device 604 will communicate usingon-board telemetry as is known in the art. The on-board telemetry of theimplanted medical device 604 performs a handshake with an externaldevice such as the repeater device 610 to establish communications. Therepeater device 610 interrogates the medical device 604 to retrieve datathat the medical device 604 has been storing in on-board memory. Forexample, an implantable medical device 604 may store the number of timesa particular cardiac episode has occurred since the last time therepeater device 610 downloaded the data.

The repeater device 610 captures the data and stores it in on-boardmemory, as discussed in greater detail below. Subsequently, the repeaterdevice 610 transmits the data through a communication medium 612 to adata repository 614, such as an advanced patient management systemmaintaining a database of patient information as discussed above. Thecommunication medium 612 and associated form of communication betweenthe repeater device 610 and the repository 614 can take on various formsknown in the art as discussed above in relation to the communicationsystem 110 of FIGS. 1 and 4.

For example, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) may be usedwhereby the repeater device 610 accesses the telephone line of thepatient's home and places a call to a repository telephone number toestablish the connection entirely through the PSTN. As one alternative,the repeater device 610 may utilize a dial-up connection or an always-onconnection to an Internet Service Provider (ISP) where the repository614 is accessible through the Internet. Additionally, as discussedabove, the repeater device 610 may incorporate wireless communicationabilities enabling the repeater device 610 to transmit data wirelesslyto the PSTN or wireless Internet through a cellular base station.

As mentioned above, the communication between the repeater device 610and the medical device 604 may be bi-directional so that the repeaterdevice 610 can also send data to the medical device 604. Furthermore,the communication between the repeater device 610 and the repository 614may be bi-directional. This enables the repeater device 610 to forwarddata from the medical device 604 to the repository 614 and also forwarddata from the repository 614 to the medical device 604.

For instance, the repeater device 610 may forward data from the medicaldevice 604 to the repository 614. After analysis of the data at therepository 614, it may be determined that reprogramming of the medicaldevice 604 is necessary to compensate for a change in the patient'scondition. The new programming may then be transferred from therepository 614 through the repeater device 610 to the medical device 604where it can be implemented.

FIG. 6 is a view of an exemplary repeater device 610. The repeaterdevice 610 may include audio and/or visual annunciation abilities tocommunicate progress and or alerts to the patient 602. For example, aliquid crystal display (LCD) 704 may be included to provide a visual cueto the patient about progress of upload from the medical device 604 andthe progress of download to the repository 614. Furthermore, LCD 704 maybe used to provide instructions for use of the medical device 604 and/orrepeater device 610 as well as alerts. Similarly, an audio speaker 702may provide audible cues including progress reports and warnings to thepatient 602. Various other types of annunciation may be employed aswell, including light emitting diodes (LEDs), etc.

In some embodiments, the repeater device 610 may include intelligencefor analyzing the data being retrieved from the medical device 604. Forexample, the repeater device 610 may include programming that analyzesthe data for episodes of cardiac activity that are precursors to aserious cardiac event. In this case, the repeater device 610 mayannunciate to the patient 602 that a visit to a physician is necessaryand immediately notify the repository 614 of the emergency situation.Likewise, the data from the medical device 604 may indicate that themedical device 604 itself has a problem, such as a broken cardiac lead.The repeater device 610 may be programmed to recognize this conditionfrom the retrieved data and annunciate to the patient 602 that a visitto the physician is necessary.

FIG. 7 is a view of the major components of the exemplary repeaterdevice 610 of FIG. 5. This repeater device 610 contains telemetry 802that enables communication with a medical device 604, such as animplantable medical device (IMD). As discussed above, such telemetry 802may employ inductive coupling techniques to wirelessly transmit data toand from the repeater device 610. RF communications are a wirelessalternative to inductive coupling and provide better range between themedical device 604 and the repeater device 610. Wired connections fromthe medical device 604 to telemetry 802 are another alternative formedical devices 604 worn externally.

The telemetry 802 demodulates or otherwise recovers data from the signalfrom the medical device 604 and provides the data to the processor 808.Alternatively, the telemetry 802 provides the received signal to theprocessor 808 which then demodulates or otherwise recovers the data fromthe signal. The processor 808 stores the data in memory 812, such asrandom access memory (RAM) where it can later be accessed. In certainembodiments, the processor 808 may perform data analysis to determinethe urgency of the data.

Data analysis by the repeater 610 may include analyzing raw datarecorded by the medical device 604 to detect physiological conditionsand specific episodes. Data analysis may also include interpreting datagenerated by the medical device 604 that signals such conditions andepisodes, such as where the medical device 604 analyzes raw data todetermine the conditions and episodes prior to sending the data to therepeater 610. Data analysis of raw data to determine physiologicalcondition and specific episodes is well known in the art, but examplesinclude detecting cardiac arrhythmias, conduction disorders, pulse rate,episodes of tachycardia or bradycardia, and other physiologicalconditions.

The processor 808 provides the data from memory 812 to an externalcommunications device 806, such as a telephone line interface (modem), awireless digital or analog RF transceiver, and/or an always-on Internetconnection (i.e., cable or DSL modem). The external communicationsdevice 806 interfaces with the communication medium 612 to transfer thedata to the repository 614. Data transfer may occur through techniqueswell known in the art, including standard modulation techniques, circuitswitched connections, and/or packet switched connections as isappropriate. The external communications device 806 is also configurableto receive data from the repository 614 through the communication medium612.

The processor 808 controls annunciation devices including the displaycircuit 804 and audio circuit 810 to provide information to the user602. The display circuit 804 controls the LCD display 704 to providevisual information such as instructions for use, problems with therepeater 610 or medical device 604, or emergency alerts. Likewise, theaudio circuit 810 controls the speaker 702 to provide audibleinformation.

Logical operations of the processor 808 and its interaction with thevarious components shown in FIG. 7 are shown for several differentembodiments in FIGS. 9-11. These logical operations of the variousembodiments are implemented (1) as a sequence of computer implementedacts or program modules and/or (2) as interconnected machine logiccircuits or circuit modules. The implementation is a matter of choicedependent on the performance requirements of the repeater 610.Accordingly, the logical operations making up embodiments describedherein are referred to variously as operations, structural devices,acts, or modules. It will be recognized by one skilled in the art thatthese operations, structural devices, acts and modules may beimplemented in software, in firmware, in special purpose digital logic,and any combination thereof without deviating from the spirit and scopeas recited within the claims attached hereto.

FIG. 8 shows exemplary logical operations where the repeater 610considers the urgency of the data when coordinating the transfer of datato the repository 614. The operations begin with the processor 808initiating communication with the medical device 604 through thetelemetry 802 at communication operation 902. At data operation 904, theprocessor 808 retrieves the data through the telemetry 802 and storesthe data in memory 812. At analysis operation 906, the processor 808reviews the data to determine the degree of urgency. As discussed above,the processor 808 may review the data to determine whether the medicaldevice 604 has found a specific condition or episode, or the processor808 may employ its own analysis logic on the raw data recorded by themedical device 604 to find a specific condition or episode. In additionto or as an alternative to determining the degree of urgency based onanalysis of the data, the processor may detect the degree of urgency byreceiving input provided by a user. For example, the patient may press abutton of the repeater that provides a signal to the processor 808 thatthe patient knows the data should be treated as urgent such as if aparticular episode is occurring that the patient is aware of.

At query operation 908, the processor 808 detects from the analysis orotherwise whether the degree of urgency of the data indicates anemergency situation, such as where the data analysis shows that the user602 needs immediate medical attention due to an imminent cardiac arrestor if the patient has indicated that the data is urgent. When the degreeof urgency indicates an emergency situation, the repeater 610 proceedsto immediately initiate communication at communication operation 910. Anotice of the emergency situation is transferred to the repository 614at notice operation 912 to trigger an alarm so that repository personnelmay take emergency action including dispatching paramedics to the user'slocation.

The repeater 610 also warns the user 602 of the emergency through visualand/or audible warnings at notice operation 914. The data stored inmemory 812, including at least the data signaling the emergencysituation, may then be transferred to the repository 614 at transferoperation 916. The repository personnel may then review the data tofurther assess the situation and assist paramedics.

If query operation 908 detects that there is no emergency, then queryoperation 918 tests whether the analyzed data indicates a problem. Aproblem may be detected from the data where the medical device 604reports a malfunction, such as a broken cardiac lead, or reports otherinformation that indicates the patient 602 should seek medical attentionby some future point in time, although not immediately. If such aproblem is detected, then the repeater 610 provides audible and/orvisual notice of the problem to the user 602 at notice operation 920.

Once notice of the problem has been given to the user 602, or if queryoperation 918 detects no problem, then operational flow transitions toquery operation 922 which detects whether it is an appropriate time totransfer data to the repository 614. For example, the repeater 610 maybe configured so that transfers occur over a telephone line duringlow-activity periods such as 3 a.m. Other factors may be considered aswell in addition to or as an alternative to the time of day. If queryoperation 922 detects that the proper time has arrived, then theprocessor 808 initiates communication with the repository 614 atcommunication operation 926. Data is then transferred to the repository614 at transfer operation 928. If the proper time for transfer has notarrived, then the processor 808 waits out a delay 924, and then queryoperation 922 again detects whether the proper time has arrived.

FIG. 9 shows the logical operations where the repeater 610 considers thecondition of the communication medium when coordinating transfer of datato the repository 614. The logical operations begin at communicationoperation 1002 where the repeater 610 initiates communication with themedical device 604. The repeater 610 retrieves the data from the medicaldevice 604 and stores it in memory 812 at data operation 1004.

After the data has been obtained from the medical device 604, therepeater 610 checks the condition of the external communication medium614 through interface 806 at test operation 1006. In this example,checking the condition of the communication medium 614 involvesdetermining whether the telephone line is already in use. Othercommunication medium conditions may be determined as well. For example,if a wireless connection is being used to communicate with therepository 614, the strength of the wireless signal may be referenced todetermine whether the signal is strong enough to communicate. As anotherexample, if the Internet is being used to transfer data to therepository 614, the available bandwidth through the Internet connectionmay be determined to decide whether the data should be transferred.

The processor 808 may be configured so that test operation 1006 occursas soon as the data has been retrieved or occurs at a later point intime, such as at a low-activity part of the day. After test operation1006 has been performed, query operation 1008 detects whether thecondition of the communication medium 614 is satisfactory. In thisexample, query operation 1008 detects whether the telephone line is inuse. If so, the processor 808 stalls data transfer for a delay period1010, and operational flow returns to test operation 1006 to again checkthe condition of the communication medium.

Once query operation 1008 detects that the telephone line is not in use,then communication operation 1012 initiates communication through theinterface 806 with the repository 614. Once communication has beenestablished, then data is transferred between the repeater device 610and the repository 614 at transfer operation 1014.

FIG. 10 shows an example of logical operations of the repeater device610 where both the urgency of the data and the condition of thecommunication medium are considered when coordinating data transfer tothe repository 614. The operations begin with the processor 808initiating communication with the medical device 604 through thetelemetry 802 at communication operation 112. At data operation 1104,the processor 808 retrieves the data through the telemetry 802 andstores the data in memory 812. At analysis operation 1106, the processor808 reviews the data to determine the degree of urgency.

At query operation 1108, the processor 808 detects from the analysiswhether the degree of urgency of the data indicates an emergencysituation, such as where the data analysis shows that the user 602 needsimmediate medical attention due to an imminent cardiac arrest. When thedegree of urgency indicates an emergency situation, the repeater 610proceeds to immediately detect whether the telephone line is in use atquery operation 1110. If so, then the telephone line interface 806 shortcircuits the telephone line to disconnect the current telephone callthat is occupying the telephone line.

Once the telephone line has been freed or once query operation 1110detects that the telephone line is not in use, the processor 808initiates communication at communication operation 1114. A notice of theemergency situation is transferred to the repository 614 at noticeoperation 1116 to trigger an alarm so that repository personnel may takeemergency action including dispatching paramedics to the user'slocation.

The repeater 610 also warns the user 602 of the emergency through visualand/or audible warnings at notice operation 1118. The data stored inmemory 812, including at least the data signaling the emergencysituation, may then be transferred to the repository 614 at transferoperation 1120. The repository personnel may then review the data tofurther assess the situation and assist paramedics.

If query operation 1108 detects that there is no emergency, then queryoperation 1122 tests whether the analyzed data indicates a problem. Asdiscussed above, a problem may be detected from the data where themedical device 604 reports a malfunction, such as a broken cardiac lead,or reports other information that indicates the patient 602 should seekmedical attention by some future point in time, although notimmediately. If such a problem is detected, then the repeater 610provides audible and/or visual notice of the problem to the user 602 atnotice operation 1124.

Once notice of the problem has been given to the user 602, or if queryoperation 1122 detects no problem, then operational flow transitions toquery operation 1126 which detects whether it is an appropriate time totransfer data to the repository 614, such as during a low-activityperiod. If query operation 1126 detects that the proper time fortransfer has not arrived, then the processor 808 waits out a delay 1128,and then query operation 1126 again detects whether the proper time hasarrived.

If query operation 1126 detects that the proper time has arrived, thenquery operation 1130 detects whether the telephone line is in use. Ifso, then the processor 808 stalls for a delay period 1132 and then againchecks the telephone line at query operation 1130. If the telephone lineis not in use, then the processor 808 initiates communication with therepository 614 at communication operation 1134. Data is then transferredto the repository 614 at transfer operation 1136.

The various embodiments described above are provided by way ofillustration only and should not be construed to limit. Those skilled inthe art will readily recognize various modifications and changes thatmay be made without following the example embodiments and applicationsillustrated and described herein, and without departing from the truespirit and scope, which is set forth in the following claim.

1. A repeater for relaying data to a repository from a medical devicecoupled to a patient, comprising: a receiver configured to communicatewith the medical device to obtain data; a memory to maintain the dataonce it has been received; a transmission device configured to send thedata over a wireless medium to a data repository; and a processingdevice configured to detect conditions in respect of an associatedcommunication medium that could affect data exchange, wherein theprocessing device is configured to send the data based at least in parton the conditions, and the processing device is configured to analyzethe data from the medical device to detect a problem with the medicaldevice.